1Scott DB. Identification of the epidural space:loss of resistance to air or saline Reg Anesth 1997 ;22:1 -2.
2Russell R. loss of resistance to saline is better than air for obstetric epidurals. Int J Obstet Anesth 2001 ;10:302 - 306.
3Beilin Y, Arnold I, Telfeyan C, et al. Quality of analgesia when air versus salinwe is used for identification of the epedural space in the parturient. Reg Anesth Pain Med2000 ;25 ;596 - 599.
4Valentine SJ,Jarvis AP,shutt LE. Comparative study of the effects of air or saline to identify the extradural space. Br J Anaesth 1991 ;66:224-227.
5Iwama H. Injection volume of saline with loss of resistance method may affect the spread of epidural anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1997 ;86:507 - 508.
6Okutomi T, Hoka S, Epidural saline solution prior to local anaesthetic produces differential nerve block. Can J Anaesth 1998 ;45 : 1091 - 1093.
7Dalens B, Bazin JE, HabererJP. Epidural bubbles as a cause of incomplete analgesia during epidural anesthesia. Anesth Aualg 1987 ;66:679 - 683.
8Shenoud PE, Cunningham BJ. Assessing the superiority of saline versus air for use in the epidural loss of resistance technique: a literature review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003 ;28:48 - 53.
4Shenouda PE,Cunningham BJ.Assessing the superiority of saline versun air for uae in the epidural loss of resistance technique:a literature review.Reg Anesth Pain Med,2003,28(1):48-53.
6Wantman A,Hancox N,Howell PR.Techniques for identifying the epidural space:a survey of practice amongst anaesthetists in the UK.Anaesthesia,2006,61 (4):370-375.
7Pan PH,Bogard TD,Owen MD.Incidence and characteristics of failures in obstetric neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia:a retrospective analysis of 19,259 deliveries.Int J Obstet Anesth,2004,13(4):227-233.
8Valentine SJ,Jarvis AP,Shutt LE.Comparative study of the effects of air or saline to identify the extradural space.Br J Anaesth,1991,66(2):224-227.
9Sarna MC,Smith 1,James JM.Paraesthesia with lumbar epidural catheters.A comparison of air and saline in a loss-of-resistance technique.Anaesthesia,1990,45(12):1077-1079.
10Beilin Y,Arnold I,Telfeyan C,et al.Quality of analgesia when air versus saline is used for identification of the epidural space in the parturient.Reg Anesth Pain Medl,2000,25(6):596-599.