兼济 谋食 归隐——试论陶渊明的人生之路

Salvation, Making a Living and being a Hermit:On Tao Yuanming's Life-long Journey

陶渊明有儒家"兼济"与"独善"的思想,但其中更多的是渗透着道家的"避世"和"全生"思想,其人生道路是从"兼济"到"谋食"再到"归隐"。既然在乱世中"兼济"无成,只能求生,包括避祸与谋食。避祸是既避"人间刑戮",也避"天刑"。而当谋食与人格发生冲突时,只能是归隐。陶渊明在归隐中借助诗与酒"顺物""游心",从另一意义上成就了自己。

In his life-long journey Tao Yuanming initially regards ＂saving the common people as his responsibility＂. Later he changes his view from ＂making a living＂then to ＂living in seclusion＂. He has the faith in Confucianism such as ＂Saving＂ and ＂Maintaining personal integrity during chaotic times＂ but his thought contains more Taoism. Zhuangzi, one of the famous scholars of Taoism in ancient China, says, ＂ When the world is in good order, a sage can accomplish his own goal, otherwise he can only making a living.＂ The accomplishment of his own goal and making a living becomes the two sides of Tao Yuanming＇s philosophy of life. Since he can not succeed in saving China in chaotic times, all he can do is ＂try to survive＂, making a living and avoiding disaster, such as avoiding being killed and avoiding excruciating himself. When there are conflits between life and soul, he choose to be a hermit, staying away from the chaotic times. While living in seclusion, Tao Yuanming travels at his pleasure, adapts to the environment and writes a lot of excellent poems with drinking, making himself a famous idyllist.