关系伦理观照下的心理治疗--心理治疗伦理问题的再思考

Psychotherapy Viewed from the Interrelationship Ethics:A Reconsideration of Ethical Problems in Psychotherapy

从关系伦理的视角观照当今心理治疗领域几种主要的治疗范式,可以看到,产生于现代背景的治疗范式是利用治疗家本身的权威,按照"绝对正确"的行为范本,去改造与之不符的个体,来访者不过是一个被定义、被客体化了的案例,而非具有尊严的人格;后现代心理治疗范式视来访者为一个主体性的存在,试图通过语言建构一个可通约的故事,但治疗家在该过程中以自身的权力化约了来访者,对话成为某种权力意志的掩饰;罗杰斯"以来访者为中心"的非指导性心理治疗范式强调治疗家对来访者的绝对尊重及其真诚和接纳的态度,而非治疗的方法。这一范式不但将伦理层面引入心理治疗,而且还在时时提醒着人们,在进行心理治疗的时候,应无条件地接纳、尊重和关爱他者。

If the popular psychotherapy patterns produced in modern culture （e. g. the classic paradigms of psychoanalysis and behaviorism） are viewed from the perspective of interrelationship ethics, it can be found that they all depend heavily on the counselor＇s authority to reconstruct the self of the client, who is thought not to behave in the “absolute correct manner”. The client is just treated as an object, thus being deprived of his subjectivity. As for the post - modern patterns, though the client is considered a subjective existence and permitted to take part in the construction of his own self - story through language, the counselor with the post - modern mentality is still as powerful as his counterparts equipped with the modern thinking in that the conver- sations are still under his tight control though in a covert manner and thus the client＇s subjectivity is still im- paired by his well -wielded power. Rogers＇s client -centered therapy pattern, however, attaches due importance to the respect and sincere attitude of acceptance for the clients during therapy rather than the therapeutic methods. This pattern not only introduces the ethics into psychotherapy, but also reminds people that during psychotherapy we should accept, respect and care for others unconditionally.