广东山地生态保育与桉树林发展

Ecological Protection of Hilly areas and Development of Eucalyptus in Guangdong

山地林业是陆地生态系统的生态支柱,也是陆地生物多样性的生态屏障。广东山区林业与全国各地一样,经历了上世纪后半叶的磨难而奄奄一息,生物多样性遭到破坏,加剧自然灾害,并造成山区的贫困。直至20世纪80年代后才得到恢复和发展。近年来山区林业又受到大规模烧山、毁林种植尾叶桉树的冲击。尾叶桉有快速绿化荒山、促进用材生产、显著获取经济效益的特点而受到青睐,然而,因其采取"炼山"、纯种、密植的种植方法造成林下缺少灌草,不利于生物多样性,并加剧水土流失和水旱灾害而备受农业、水利部门的责难,从而引起争议。笔者调查研究认为,我省种植尾叶桉应趋利避害,采取措施对丘陵山地进行开发、利用和保护的全面规划,适地适种,沿海适当发展,山区限制发展,合理布局尾叶桉生产,并应进行科学栽培,搞好山地生态保育,保护生物多样性,以减少自然灾害,充分发挥山地的生态效益。

Forests in hilly areas are ecological support of land ecosystem and ecological shelter for land biodiversity. In the past, owing to irrational exploitation, forests in Guangdong were seriously damaged, as a result, natural disasters were aggravated and people in hilly areas live in poverty. In the late 1980s, forests in Guangdong were improved. However, in recent years, burning hill and destroying natural bush and forest for planting eucalyptus brought impact on hilly ecosystem in Guangdong. Though planting eucalyptus can afforest rapidly the hills, promote the production of timber forest and gain obvious economic benefits, it makes adverse effect on biodiversity and aggravates soil erosion and flood-drought disasters because of burning hill, simple species and high density planting. On the basis of field survey and research, the authors make some suggestions：①it should push advantages and avoid disadvantages when planting eucalyptus in Guangdong, a rational plan for development the plant of eucalyptus should be made, eucalyptus should be planted at fit places by correct planting method, in the province as a whole, develop appropriately in the hilly areas but restrictively in the coast area; ② Scientific planting method should be used to protect land biodiversity and ensure sustainable use of land.