“存在”与“媚俗”——论米兰·昆德拉

"Existence" and "Obsequiousness"

海德格尔不能概括地说明什么是存在,昆德拉也认为"存在"不是什么,但是他们都对存在这一命题给予了充分的关注。昆德拉正是借用海氏的"超越"概念和"存在的被遗忘"的概念,要求小说家以存在的眼光,看到比现实更多的东西。所以他要求小说家发现人们这种或那种可能,画出"存在的图"。昆德拉上述看法建立于他对卡夫卡小说的反复解读之上。因而他的小说与卡夫卡一样,拓宽了小说的主题,并充分容纳人物的各种可能性。譬如他对"媚俗"这一人类普遍存在的劣根性就进行了全面的剖析。他不是立足于任何现实,而是立足于小说,站在小说的立场上研究它们,因而他沿着卡夫卡开辟的方向又有了属于自己的智慧和贡献。

It is obvious that both Heidegger and Kundera have attached sufficient attention on the proposition of existence, although neither Heidegger can illustrate what existence is nor kundela can explain it. It is just by citing Heidegger＇ s concepts of ＂surpass＂ and ＂forgotten existence＂ that Kundera required novelists to look beyond the fact with their ＂existence＂ eyes. So he asked novelists to find people＇s this or that kind of possibility and draw a ＂existing picture＂. Kundera＇ s opinion that we have just mentioned above is based on his repetitious reading and explanation of Kafka＇ s novel. So like Kafka＇ s ones, M＇ s novels broaden novel themes and hold sufficiently a wide diversity of probabilities of people. For instance, he has analyzed ＂obsequiousness＂ in its entirety, which is a bad characteristic existing throughout all the human being. His study is not rooted in novels, but deeply in facts and he carried out his study in this direction. Therefore, he not only followed Kafka＇ s road but also gained the wisdom and devotion that belong to himself.