从“他的老师当得好”谈起

On Ta de laoshi dang-de hao (他的老师当得好) and Related Problems

汉语句法结构常呈现与语义对应失称的现象,造成了许多所谓"伪定语"的句式(伪领属如"他静他的坐,我示我的威",伪名量如"三次北京与两次上海都住得很舒服"与"上了七年的访,示了三年的威"等),为形义对应理论造成困难,并引起其他附带的问题。文章采用词义分解理论与动词核心移位的假定,说明这些现象都是动名结构下的动词核心,移入上面的无声轻动词位置所造成的结果。"伪定语"只是一个假象,并没有造成形义对应的困难。依此分析,定语在语义上并不修饰紧跟其后的名词短语所指称的个体,而是修饰跟该个体有关的事件(event)。针对以前的分析,我们提出四大优点与三项独立证据来支持本文的理论,并澄清若干疑点。最后文章指出,这种所谓"伪定语"的句式的产生可以视为现代汉语高度解析性的一个副产品。

Modern Chinese exhibits a number of apparent syntax-semantics mismatches, giving rise to many examples with ＂fake possessives＂ and ＂fake nominal quantifiers＇, which pose non-trivial problems for a theory of syntax-semantics mapping and lead to other peculiar phenomena. This article assumes a lexical decomposition approach and proposes a head-movement explanation of the apparent mismatches, according to which a verb moves out of a gerundive construction into a higher performatire light verb position. The proposal not only solves the apparent problems discussed, but also is supported by several independent motivations and theoretical bonuses. The paper also broaches the question of linguistic variation, showing that the observed phenomena are by-products of Modern Chinese as a highly analytic language.