论社群主义对罗尔斯正义观的挑战与批判

On Communitarianism Challenge and Criticism on Rawls' Justice Theory

社群主义是在批判以罗尔斯为代表的新自由主义的基础上蓬勃发展起来的。社群主义对罗尔斯正义论的逻辑起点、价值取向和终极目的等方面进行了全面的批判。在逻辑起点上,罗尔斯建立起了个人——社群观,而社群主义建构的是社群——个人观;在价值取向上,罗尔斯认为"权利优先于善",个人权利是正义的价值取向;而社群主义建构的"善优先于权利"的观念,强调个人权利必须在社群中去实现。在终极目的上,罗尔斯追求正义作为社会制度的首要美德;而社群主义者认为正义只是美德之一,并强调公益及将其作为社群的终极关怀。社群主义的批判立场是一种不具有建设性的理论挑战。但社群主义理论对我国法治建设存在可能的启示。

Communitarianism＇s development is based on eritieising the new liberalism. Communitarianism＇s criticism of the logical starting point, value and ultimate aims of the Theory of Justice. The theory on logical starting point that Rawls set up is from person to community. While the theory of Communitarianism is from community to person. The theory on value that right is prior to good and personal right is the value of justice. While Communitist thinks that good is prior to right and personal right must be realized in the community. The theory on ultimate aims the Rawls takes the putsuit of justice as the first virtue of social the virtues and common good is the real system. While Communitist thinks that justice is just one of ultimate concern of community. The challenge is not construetive. The article analyzes the possible enlightenment to rule of law in China.