论霍布斯的自然状态学说及其当代复活形式

On Hobbes's Theory of the State of Nature and Its Revival in Contemporary Political Theory

霍布斯的自然状态学说刻画了一种一切人反对一切人的战争和恐怖状态。这种状态主要描述人与人之间的原初生活状态,同时也形容国与国之间的敌对政治状态。这一学说不仅奠立了现代政治哲学的思想基础,而且在当代政治学说尤其在施米特的政治概念中强劲复活。与后文艺复兴时期的自然概念相对应,霍布斯的自然状态概念部分地继承同时也部分地背离了传统的自然法学说,为他的国家理论和政治哲学体系奠定了基础。自然状态是霍布斯政治思想中一个需要克服的消极标准。施米特的政治概念秉承并进一步发挥了霍布斯自然状态学说的精神,将政治定义为正确区分敌友,并视之为人类政治生活的命运。通过直接肯定霍布斯思想中的消极标准,施米特也明确抛弃了霍布斯对自然法传统的有限坚持,从而将霍布斯的消极概念完全转化为积极概念。总而言之,正确理解霍布斯的自然状态学说,对于充分把握现当代政治哲学及其脉络具有重要意义。

As the cornerstone of the system of Hobbes＇s political philosophy, his doctrine of the state of nature not only provides modern political philosophy with a theoretical basis, but is rejuvenated in contemporary political theory, especially in Carl Schmitt＇s concept of the political. By analyzing Hobbes＇s idea of the state of nature and its conceptual relation to natural equality, nature, and natural law, this paper explores Hobbes＇s theory of the state of nature and its historical forms, and examines how it revives, in a radicalized form, in Schmitt＇s concept of the political. It concludes by emphasizing the ambiguous relation of Hobbes＇s political theory to the natural law tradition.