中国21个省市心理治疗师的自我表露调查

Psychological therapists' self-disclosure in 21 provinces and cities of China

目的：了解中国文化背景下心理治疗师的自我表露特征。方法：调查于2006-10／12进行。选取中国东北、华北、华南、华中、西南、东南各地区21个省市从事心理咨询工作的治疗师为调查对象，要求年龄在20～69岁，进行个体心理治疗并且有至少2年实践经验。采用自编治疗师自我表露调查问卷进行调查，通过E-mail发送问卷，问卷由15道题目组成，其中人口统计学相关题目6道，治疗师自我表露特征的题目共9道，调查心理治疗师自我表露的倾向、内容、方式、原因、影响因素，及其与性别、理论取向间的关系。结果：实际发放问卷390份，回收问卷191份，回收率为49％，其中有效问卷182份，有效回收问卷率为47％。①大部分心理治疗师在治疗中主动运用了自我表露技术，且性别差异显著，男性比女性治疗师主动。②治疗师表露最多的是对来访者的情感体验，表露最少的是个人的优势或弱点。③大多数治疗师以探索的方式应对自我表露情境。④来访者问题类型和严重程度、治疗阶段、治疗联盟的品质是影响咨询师自我表露的主要因素。⑤治疗师自我表露的主要目的是增加来访者转变观念和选择的意识。⑥与刚开始从业相比较，大部分治疗师的自我表露减少了。结论：无论是在主动，还是在被动自我表露情况下，中国治疗师均显示出了较高的表露倾向，治疗师对不同表露内容的使用频率不同，作为一项治疗技术，治疗师的自我表露是积极而富有成效的。

AIM： To investigate the self-disclosure characteristics of psychological therapists in China. METHODS： Between October and December in 2007, this study investigated the self-disclosure of therapists in 21 provinces and cities, aged 20-69 years and having over 2 years of experience regarding psychological counseling. The self-made Therapist Self-disclosure Questionnaire was dispatched via E-mail, and consisted of 15 questions, including 6 items of demography and 9 items of the self-disclosure of therapists. This questionnaire explored the inclination, content, method, cause, influenced factors and the relationship of the therapists＇ self-disclosure with sex and theoretical orientation. RESULTS： Totally 390 questions were distributed, 191 ones were called back, accounting for 49%. And 182 questions were qualified, accounting for 47%. Most therapists forwardly used the technique of self-disclosure during the psychotherapy. There were significant differences in gender. Male therapists was more forwardly than the female therapists. There was the most therapists＇ self-disclosure about affection toward clients and the least about personal predominance or weaknesses. Most therapists used exploration for handling the self-disclosure situation. The primary factors influencing therapists＇ decision to self-disclosure were the type/severity of clients＇ disorder, the phase of treatment and the quality of alliance. The purpose for therapists using self-disclosure was mainly to increase clients＇ awareness of alternative viewpoints/options. Most therapists did less self-disclosure than before. CONCLUSION： Chinese therapists show a relatively high trend of self-disclosure, and they use different frequencies for the disclosure content. The therapists＇ self-disclosure is an active and effective treatment.