表皮干细胞生物学特性研究现状

Biological characteristics of epidermal stem cells

表皮干细胞是来源于胚胎外胚层皮肤组织的专能干细胞,主要分布于表皮基底层和毛囊隆突部,形态学上具有未分化细胞的特征,在生物学方面是皮肤及其附属器发生、修复、改建的源泉。现阶段对表皮干细胞的鉴定需采用整合素、角蛋白、增殖细胞核抗原、基因物质及连接蛋白等多个标记物,其增殖分化受整合素、信号转导通路及细胞因子等因素影响。目前表皮干细胞研究在皮肤创面修复、组织工程皮肤的构建、基因治疗等方面均已取得显著进展,但仍存在如何确立一种绝对公认的特异标记物、从胚胎干细胞向表皮干细胞分化培养过程中怎样维持其干细胞特性以及快速大量扩增、应用于临床是否会恶性变而产生医疗安全等急需解决的问题。

Epidermal stem cell is a specific stem cell, which locates in epidermal basal layer and the eminence of hair follicle. Epidermal stem cells have the characteristic of the undifferentiated cells in the morphology, and are the biological source of the skin and its subsidiary in the development, repair and reconstruction. At present, the identification markers of epidermal stem cell include integrin, keratin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, genic material and connectin. The proliferation and differentiation of epidermal stem cell are influenced by many factors, such as integrin, signal transduction pathway and cytokines. Current researches of epidermal stem cell in skin wound healing, building of tissue-engineered skin, gene therapy and other areas have made great progress, but there are still many problems to wait for solving, such as establishing an absolutely recognized specific marker, the directed differentiation from embryonic stem cells to epidermal stem cells, how to maintain its stem cell characteristics and induce large amplification, whether it will have a malignant transformation in clinical application.