明代言官与阁臣关系述论

On the Relation Between Supervisors and Cabinet Ministers in the Ming Dynasty

明代言官与阁臣的关系经历了一个由和谐到恶化的过程。明前期,言官与阁臣素质较高,双方立公为国,和衷共济。嘉靖时期是二者关系的转折点,言官群体在与阁臣的对抗中,其制衡作用得到充分发挥。隆庆以后,门户日重,言官趋附阁臣,成为权力角逐的先锋。张居正去世后,言路势张,压制阁臣,言路与执政相水火,争斗不已,迄于明亡,晚明时期言官的制衡作用已走向反面。言官和阁臣都是明代皇权强化的产物,二者关系的演变,反映了明代政治逐步浊化的过程,揭示了专制体制下士大夫悲剧命运的必然性。

The relation between supervisors and cabinet ministers came through the process from harmonious to exasperate in the Ming Dynasty, During the early Ming Dynasty, both supervisors andcabinet ministers had well diathesis and cooperated well for country. It＇s coming to the turning point in Jiajing period. The supervisors＇ restricting function worked well when they antagonized to cabinet ministers, However, supervisors curried with cabinet ministers and became pioneer to eontend power after Longqing Dynasty, Along With the death of Zhang Juzheng, supervisors were more powerful than cabinet ministers, and they had kept combating till the perdition of Ming. Therefore, supervisors＇ restricting function made for its inverse in the late Ming Dynasty. As the outcome of emperor power, the evolvement between supervisors and cabinet ministers refleeted not only the depravation politics of Ming but also the inevitability of scholar bureaucrats＇ tragic destiny under autarchy system.