国外对野生稻资源的评价和利用进展

Progress of Evaluation and Utilization of Wild Rice Resources Abroad

稻属(Oryza Linnaeus)野生种广泛分布于亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲和澳洲的77个国家。近代多学科研究表明,野生稻存在着众多的优良性状,包括抗病虫、耐寒、耐盐碱、耐旱、耐荫、节间伸长、胞质雄性不育、大柱头、大粒、早熟、广亲和、高生物产量等,成为栽培稻遗传改良的丰富基因源和不可替代的物质基础,其潜在作用日益凸显。野生稻的遗传评价和利用,已从传统的个体水平进入到DNA水平,并取得了瞩目的进展。现代生物技术的不断进步,如胚拯救、体细胞融合、分子标记辅助选择、基因组原位杂交、外源基因渗入系构建、基因定位、稻属野生种的全基因测序和文库构建等,为野生稻有利基因的评价、有效转入栽培稻提供了技术支撑。传统有性杂交结合现代生物技术已成为克服栽野生殖障碍、利用野生稻优良基因的有效途径。

Wild rice of Oryza Linnaeus distributes widely in 77 countries of the Asia, Africa, Latin America and Australia. The multi-discipline research in recent years indicates that wild rice, as an important genetic resource of rice, exists a number of elite genes including resistance to diseases and insects, tolerance to cold, salt, drought, submerge and shade stresses, elongation ability,cyto-male sterility, huge stigma, big grain,good quality, early maturity,wide compatibility and high biomass yield etc. Wild rice is considered to be a rich gene pool and un- replaced basic material for rice genetic improvement. The evaluation and utilization of wild rice have been developed from individual into DNA level with significant achievement. The development of modern biotechnology such as embryo rescue, somatic cell fusion, molecular aid-marker selection, genomic in situ hybridization （ GISH）, construction of alien introgression line, gene mapping and Oryza map alignment construction etc, will provide strong support and opportunity for elite gene evaluation and transferring from wild rice to cuhivars. Combining traditional crossing method with modern bio-technique will be a reliable way to overcome reproductive barriers between wild rice and cultivar, and utilize effectively useful genes of wild rice for rice genetic improvement.