主客体关系的对立与融通——诠释吉登斯的“结构化理论”

The Opposition and Harmony of the Relations between Subject and Object——An Interpretation of Anthony Giddens’ "Structuration Theory"

20世纪70年代中期到80年代早期,吉登斯对以结构主义、功能主义和解释社会学等为代表的传统社会学方法进行了全面的反思,廓清它们在主客体问题上存在的偏差。在此基础上,他对社会学研究方法进行系统地重建,提出了著名的结构化理论。结构化理论主张,主体与客体之间并不是一种非此即彼的关系,社会结构赋予行动所必须的规则与资源的同时,自身又必须通过行动才能得到再生产。从社会学发展史的角度来看,结构化理论在解决主体与客体、宏观与微观、共时与历时等范畴之间的张力方面具有积极的启示意义。

From the mid-1970＇s to early 1980＇s, Anthony Giddens made comprehensive reflections upon the traditional sociological methods such as structuralism, functionalism and interpretative sociology, clarified their deficiencies in the matter of subject and object. After that, he systematically reconstructed the sociological method, advanced the famous structuration theory, which proclaims that subject and object are not an either-or relationship. Social structures endow action with the necessary rules and resources, but in reverse, the structures can only be reproduced through action. From the perspective of sociological history, the structuration theory has been of positive significance in solving the tension between categories like subject and object, macroscopicness and microscopicness, and synchronicness and diachronicness.