中国听力残疾人群现状及致残原因分析

Prevalence and etiology of people with hearing impairment in China

目的 掌握中国听力残疾人群现状及致残原因。方法 采用统计描述和统计推理等方法对第二次全国残疾人抽样调查数据进行分析。结果 中国现有听力残疾人口2780万，单纯听力残疾2004万人，听力残疾现患率为2．11％，单纯听力残疾现患率为1．52％（占72．08％）；60岁及以上老年人现患率为11．04％（占73．57％），农村现患率高于城市，男性现患率高于女性。总体三、四级听力残疾占73．42％，60岁及以上组听力残疾三、四级占79．13％；4～6岁组一、二级残疾占67．36％，0～3岁组一、二级残疾占83．90％。在0～6岁听力残疾中70％以上并有言语残疾。残疾人职业集中在农、林、牧、渔、水利业，受教育程度比较低。全部人群主要致残原因是老年性聋、原因不明性耳聋和中耳炎，0～6岁听力残疾的主要致残原因，除不明原因外依次为遗传、母孕期病毒感染、新生儿窒息、药物性耳聋、早产和低出生体重儿；60岁及以上组主要致残原因依次为老年性耳聋、中耳炎、全身性疾病、噪声和爆震及药物性耳聋等。结论 积极预防老年性聋的发生，尤其加强农村人口和男性人群的防治工作，是降低听力残疾发生风险的重要因素。积极开展遗传咨询，预防新生儿出生听力缺陷，对减少儿童听力残疾具有重要意义。

Objective To investigate the prevalence and etiology of people with hearing disability in China and to provide evidence for development of related prevention and treatment strategies. Methods Using the statistics and inference from data of the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability. Results 27.80 million people were diagnosed with hearing disability, including 20.04 million with pure disability. The overall prevalence was 2.11% including ＇single disability＇ as 1.52% （accounting for 72.08% ）and the rate was 11.04% among the elderly （accounting for 73.57%）. The prevalence of hearing disability was higher in males than in females as well as higher in the rural than in the urbans. Sufferers were mainly engaging in agriculture with poor education background. Among all the people with hearing disability, Grade Ⅲand Ⅳ was accounted for 73.42 % but among the elderly, they were accounted for 79, 13%. Grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ was accounted for 67.36% among children aged four to six and 83.90% in children aged below three. Speech disabilities were more than 70 % in aged below six. The whole etiology contains presbyeusis, unknown causation and tympanitis with primary causes as heredity, pregnant virus infection, neonatal asphyxiation, drug-induced deafness, premature delivery and low birth avoirdupois, other than unknown deaf among the 0-6 year olds. However, the primary causation would include presbyeusis, tympanitis, sickness, noise/detonation and drug-induced deafness for the elderly. Conclusion Active prevention on presbycusis with emphasis on prevention and cure to rural population was important in reducing the venture of hearing disability. Related consultation on genetic factors was another measure to be taken to prevent hearing disability developed in the newborns.