清代的“八旗”与汉语的“旗”及“族”

The Eight Banners in Qing Dynasty and the "qi" and "zu" in Chinese

牛录是"兵民合一"的组织形式,它的职能首先具有军事性质。牛录成为一种社会组织,是满族祖先在狩猎生产劳动中产生的。牛录为旗的构成单位,清代满族的八旗制度,是在血缘氏族关系的基础上演变而来的。而汉语的"族"与"旗"具有极为密切的关系。"族"是现代汉语中常用的一个会意字。"旗"作为部族集团标识意义,最初是由"族"字来体现的,"旗"的不同则是"族"类的不同。"族"字的形体,蕴涵着深厚的文化背景和礼俗内容。

Niulu is a combined organization with soldiers and people, and its function firstly is military. It originated from the hunting production of the ancestors of Manchu. Niulu is also a basic unit of the Banner （Qi）. The Eight Banners system of Manchu in Qing Dynasty had developed from the blood lineage of clan, and the word ＂qi＂ in Chinese is connected closely with the ＂zu＂, which is an associative compound word used frequently in modem Chinese. As the symbol meaning of clan group, the ＂qi＂ was originate expressed by the ＂zu＂, the different ＂qi＂ showed different ＂zu＂. The form of ＂zu＂ contains the profound cultural backgrounds and the etiquette and custom.