明代九边军屯与军牧

The Army Reclamation and Pasture in the North Borderlands in the Ming Dynasty

明朝统治者在长城沿线的北部边疆,长期布防几十万军队,以防御主要来自蒙古族之瓦剌部和鞑靼部的侵犯。并在其重点驻防的大同、辽东、宁夏、甘州等九个军事要地(史称"九边")及附近地方,大搞军屯——开办国防农场,就地生产粮草,充作军饷。同时,又在这一带创办和发展官牧场,令军人大规模地牧养马匹,源源不断地为附近的官兵提供战马。这样,使"九边"的兵、农、牧三者有机配合,互为一体,而且还大大地缩短了后勤给养线,有效地支持了边疆的军事活动,从战略上讲,不失为一种合理的国策。不过,在当时边塞的军屯和军牧之管理上,出现过一些疏忽、漏洞、呆板教条和执法不严等弊端,成为一种历史的教训。

A huge armed force of the Ming dynasty stationed in the North Borderlands along the Great Wall to defend from the incursion of the Mongolian Wala tribe and Dada tribe and these troops set up some farms in nine strategic points such as Datong, Liaodong, Ganzhou etc. （ nameed ＇Jiubian＇ in history） . The soldiers planted crops there in order to supply the provisions for the army. Some pastures were built by the troops and the soldiers raised mass war-horses to provide the army constantly. So the length of provision transport was shortened. This policy was rational. But some maladies happened in the management of army reclamation and army pasture, which was left as historical lessons for us.