学生实践能力的提高与高等学校教学模式的选择和重建

The Development of Students' Practical Abilities and the Choosing and Rebuilding of Teaching Patterns in Higher Schools

实践能力是保证个体顺利运用已有知识、技能去解决实际问题所必需的生理和心理特征的总和,它由实践动机因素、一般实践能力因素、专项实践能力因素和情境实践能力因素四种基本要素构成。个体实践能力的形成与发展是一个涉及生理成熟、知识与技能掌握、经验获得等多种因素的复杂过程,呈现参与性、自我反思和体悟性、持久性等特征。长期以来,理论教学作为主导型教学模式一直在我国高等学校的教学中占据着核心地位,在这种课程、教学模式设计和评价体系中,学生的实践能力发展问题必然会游离于主导教学模式之外。切实提高大学生的实践能力急需高等院校创造性地选择和重建一批新的教学模式,其中包括问题主导型教学模式、体验——反思型教学模式、案例教学模式和专项技能训练模式等。

The practical abilities are a summation of mental and physical characters of a person to solve problems with his previous knowledge and skills. It contains the motivation factor of practice, the common abilities factor of practice, the special abilities factor of practice and the context abilities factor of practice. Its formation and development is a complex procedure, which involves the physical maturity, knowledge and skills obtaining and experiences accumulating etc. It has been researched that the proce- dure shows participative, self--introspective and permanent characteristics. Theoretical teaching as a dominant teaching pattern has taken the core position in China higher education for many years. In that kind of curriculum teaching design and evaluation systems, the development of students＇ practical abilities is dissociated from the dominant teaching patterns. Higher schools are required to choose and rebuild a batch of new teaching patterns creatively to improve undergraduate students＇practical abilities. We put forward the following patterns in this paper. The first one is problem dominated teaching pattern, the second one is experience and rethinking teaching pattern, the third one is case teaching pattern and the last one is special skills training pattern.