CAMEO在突发性环境污染事故应急中的应用

CAMEO in its application to emergency environmental pollution accidents

以化工和石化企业危险品储罐区突发性泄漏事故为背景,介绍了CAMEO模型的基本原理和毒性关注浓度的确定原则,并利用ALOHA对某储罐区苯泄漏的情况进行了模拟计算。通过指定苯毒性风险的ERPGs浓度,得出发生泄漏时泄漏点下风向苯毒性风险的撤离区、躲藏区和关注区的半径以及蒸气云的可燃半径。通过增加工作场所有害因素职业接触限值质量浓度和居民区大气中有害物质的最高允许质量浓度,得出安全区和达标区范围,并在电子地图上标出了风险范围。最后比较了ALOHA与ARCHIE的异同点。指出CAMEO是集化学物质性质数据库、扩散模型和图形表达于一体的快速污染事故应急模型,并可以通过自定义的浓度数值扩大ALOHA的使用范围,为环境风险分析、指导事故现场应急救援以及采取有效防护措施以减少事故损失提供依据。

To find more effective means to produce quick response to the unexpected environmental pollution accidents, this paper aims to present our research results in the basic features of the CAMEO software and the mechanism in determining toxic levels concerned. As we know, CAMEO software contains three integrated components： a set of databases containing information data for responders and planners, a risk analysis program ALOHA to model key hazards and a mapping tool for reviewing and interest mapping. Since ALOHA has four different levels of concerns （LOC） and the default priority in choosing LOCs, it makes us possible to make a simulation of benzene release incident with the toxic area of vapor cloud of benzene by its ERPG values and the flammable area of vapor cloud obtained. The results of our simulation indicates that, in the downwind direction, the radius of the evacuation area, the hiding area and the concerned area are respectively 191 m, 734 m and 1.4 km in accordance with each ERPG levels and the radius of flammable area of vapor cloud reaches to 167 m. Specifying the Occupational Exposure Limits for Hazard Agents in the Workplace and the Maximum Airborne Concentration of the Hazard-laden Substance in the Residential zone, the radius of the safety zone and the attainment zone can be worked out up to 3.1 km and over 10 km each, with the risk scope shown in an electronic map. And then comparison of ALOHA and ARCHIE and analysis can be done to find the main differences of these two softwares. Thus, conclusion will be followed that the CAMOE software will be a set of chemical database, dispersion modeling and plot printing as a result of expanding and specifying the toxic level and the extent of ALOHA, which is expected to provide necessary information data of the envi- romnental hazards along with the emergency planning, rescue guidance as well as the corresponding counter-measures to reduce human casualty and material loss.