中学生内疚与羞耻差异的对比研究

A Comparative Study on the Difference Between Guilt and Shame among Middle School Students

目的:探讨中学生内疚与羞耻的关系。方法:采用自编内疚事件与羞耻事件问卷对1000名中学生进行调查,同时对24名做深度访谈。结果:(1)中学生自我报告内疚事件中体验的内疚程度大于羞耻程度(6.0±1.2/5.0±1.7,P<0.001),羞耻事件中内疚程度小于羞耻程度(5.1±1.9/5.7±1.4.P<0.001);内疚在内疚事件里的评价高于在羞耻事件里的评价(6.0±1.2/5.1±1.9,P<0.001),羞耻在羞耻事件里的评价高于在内疚事件里的评价(5.0±1.7/5.7±1.4,P<0.001);(2)在内疚事件中,除初一年级外,其余各年级体验到的内疚程度均高于羞耻程度(如,初二5.8±1.4/5.1±1.6,P<0.001);在羞耻事件中,除初一和初二年级外,其余各年级体验到的内疚程度均低于羞耻程度(如,初三4.7±2.0/5.6±1.3,P<0.001);(3)内疚事件和羞耻事件在发生场合、伤害对象、后悔与面子方面的发生频率均存在显著差异,如,内疚事件主要发生于私人化场合314(64.3%),羞耻事件主要发生于公开化场合329 (65.9%)(x^2=181.504,P<0.001);(4)中学生在内疚事件上的归因得分大于在羞耻事件上的归因得分(5.2±1.6/3.8±1.8,P=0.001)。结论:中学生内疚和羞耻总体上存在显著差异,同时存在一个由相同到分化的关键期,大致在初三年级;"公开化和私人化"假设以及"伤害自我与伤害他人"假设同样适合于中国中学生群体;存在"后悔与面子"假设;个体对内疚事件更倾向于内归因,对羞耻事件更倾向于外归因。

Objective： To explore the relationship between guilt and shame among middle school students. Methods： The present study investigated 1000 middle school students using Guilt and Shame Events Questionnaire. In-depth interview was administered to 24 students simultaneously. Results： （ 1 ） The degree of guilt （ 6. 0 ± 1.2 ） was higher than the degree of shame （ 5. 0 ± 1.7 ） in guilt events and the degree of guilt （ 5. 1 ± 1.9 ） was lower than the degree of shame （ 5.7 ± 1.4 ） in shame events （ P 〈 0. 001 ） . The degree of guilt in guilt events was higher than that in shame events （ 6. 0 ± 1.2/5. 1 ＋ 1.9, P 〈 0. 001 ） , and the degree of shame in shame events was higher than that in guilt events （ 5.0 ± 1.7/5.7 ± 1.4, P 〈 0. 001 ） . （ 2 ） In guilt events, the degree of guilt was higher than the degree of shame among all the middle school students except for grade one （ e. g. grade two： 5.8 ± 1.4/5. 1 ＋ 1.6, P 〈0. 001 ） . In shame events, the degree of guilt was lower than the degree of shame among all the middle school students except for grade one and two （ e. g. grade three： 4. 7 ± 2. 0/5. 6 ± 1.3, P 〈 0. 001 ） . （ 3 ） There was significant difference between guilt events and shame events in terms of frequencies of the situation, the injured objects, regret and the face, e.g., guilt events took place in private situations more frequently, 314 （64. 3% ） , and shame events took place in public situations more frequently, 329 （65.9% ） （χ^2 = 181. 504, P 〈 0. 001. （4） The scores of attribution in shame events （5.2 ± 1.6） among middle school students were higher than that in guilt events （3.8 ± 1.8） （P =0. 001 ） . Conclusions： Middle-school students＇guilt and shame have significant differences. There is a crucial time for differentiation, and this turning point is approximately in the third grade; The hypotheses of ＂ public and personal＂ and ＂ injuring self and injuring the other＂ are also applicable to China middle school students community; The hypothesis of ＂ regret and face＂ is existing, namely, the individual usually feels regretful after experiencing the guilt events, but usually feels losing face after experiencing the shame events; An individual tends to use inner reasons to explain the guilt events, and external reasons to explain the shame events.