1McCallion K, Gardiner KR. Progress in the understanding treatment of chronic anal fissure. Postgrad Med J, 2001,77 (914) : 753-758.
2Utzig MJ, Kroesen AJ, Buhr HJ. Concepts in pathogenesis and treatment of chronic anal fissure : a review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol, 2003,98 (5) : 968- 974.
3Lund JN, Scholefield JH. A randomized, prospective, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of glyceryl trinitrate ointment in treatment of anal fissure. Lancet, 1997,349 (9044) :11-14.
4Werre AJ, Palamba HW, Bilgen EJ, et al. Isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of anal fissure: a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Surg, 2001,167(5) :382-385.
5Loder PB, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ, et al. Reversible chemical sphincterotomy by local application of glyceryl trinitrate. BrJ Surg, 1994,81(9):1386-1389.
6The Royal College of Surgeons of England in association with the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. Analyses of 1997 study on anal fissure in children and adults, April 1998.
7Ayantude AA, Debrah SA. Current concepts in anal fissures. World J Surg, 2006,30(12) :2246-2260.
8Maria G, Cassetta E, Gui D, et al. A comparison of botulinum toxin and saline for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. N Engl J Med, 1998,338(4) 1217-220.
9Chrysos E, Xynos E, Tzovaras G, et al. Effect of nifedipine on rectoanal motility. Dis Colon Rectum, 1996,39 (2) :212-216.
10Antropoli C, Perrotti P, Rubino M, et al. Nifedipine for local use in conservative treatment of anal fissures: preliminaryresults of a multicentre study. Dis Colon Rectum, 1999,42(8) :1011-1015.
4Abcarian H.Surgical correction of chronic anal fissure:results of lateral internal sphincterotomy versus fissurectomy midline sphincterotomtmy[J].Dis Colon Rectum,1980,23:31.
5Nelson R,Mehrabian E.Meta-analysis of operative techniques for fissure-in-ano[J].Dis Colon Rectum,1999,42:1424-1428.
6Eisenhammer S.The evaluayion of the internal anal sphincterotomy operation with special reference to anal fissure[J].Surg Gynecol Obster,1959,109:583.