1[1]Maklebust J.Interrupting the pressure ulcer cycle[J].Nurs Clin North Am,1999,34(4):861～871.
2[2]Perneger T V,Heliot C,Rae A C,et al.Hospital-acqu ired pressure ulcers:ri sk factors and use of preventive devices[J].Arch Intern Med,1998,158(17):1940 ～1945.
3[3]Witkowski J A,Parish L C.Histopathology of the decubitus ulc er[J].J Am Acad Dermatol,1982,6:1014-1021.
4[4]Klitzman B,Kalinowski C,Glasofer S L,et al.Pressure ul cers and pressure relief surfaces[J].Clin Plast Surg,1998,25(3):443～450.
5[5]Reuler J B,Cooney T G.The pressure sore:pathophysiology and princi ples of management[J].Ann Intern Med,1981,94:661～666.
6[6]Goldstein B,Sanders J.Skin response to repetitive mechanical stres s:a new experimental model in pig[J].Arch Phys Med Rehabil,1998,79(3):265～27 2.
7[7]Exton Smith A N,Sherwin R W.The prevention of pressure sores:signi ficance of spontanous bodily movements[J].Lancet,1961,2:1124～1126.
8[8]Carlson E V,Kemp M G,Shott S.Predicting the risk of pressure ulcer s in critically ill patients[J].Am J Crit Care,1999,8(4):262～269.
8European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Treatment of pressure ulcers:quick reference guide. Washington DC: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel,2009:21.
9Shahin ES, Dassen T, Halfens RJ. Pressure ulcer prevalenee and in- eidcnee in intensive care patients: a literature review.Nuts Crit Care, 2008,13(2) :71-79.
10Smith BM, Guihan M, LaVela SL, et al. Factors predicting pressure ulcers in veterans with spinal cord injuries.Am J Phys Rehabil, 2008,87(9) :750-757.
