论明代宗学设置的原因

Reasons of the Establishment of Royal Clan Education System by the Ming Dynasty

明代宗学于隆庆三年（1569年）开始正式设置，万历四十六年（1618年）最后完成，历时49年，先后共设置约30所。然对明代宗学设置的原因，学术界无人问津。本文细绎史料，认为明代宗学的设置是多种因素共同作用的结果。明初建立的宗室教育机制的固有缺陷是明中后期设置宗学的内在原因；天顺以后王府官选用制度的蜕变、宗室犯罪率上升及犯罪类型多样、随着宗室人口剧增带来的宗禄问题是促使宗学设置的外在因素。

The royal clan education system of the Ming Dynasty came to being first in year 3 of Emperor Longqing's reign(1569).By year 46 of Emperor Wanli.(1618),it was finalized.During the 49 years,a total of 30 schools were-established.Till the present time,the reasons of setting up this system have not received serious cademic attention.Based upon a carefull investigation of the related historical data, this paper asserts that the establishment of the royal clan education system was a result of several factors.The defectiveness of the early Ming policy about the royal clan education was the inherent problem which caused the changes in late Ming period.Other factors responsible for the establishment of royal clan education system include the following:1,the metamorphosis of the selection system of the official retainers appointed for the princes by the central government after the period of Tianshun(1457-1464);2,increase and diversification of the crimes commited by the royal clan members;3,the ever stronger pressur of providing salary to the royal clan due to the dramatic increase of the royal clan population.