孔子的历史思想和史学意识

Confucius and His Idea of History and Historiography

春秋之时，史学作为学科远未形诸事实，然孔子历史思想与史学意识则多有表现。孔子伦理观念中蕴含着对人类社会共同体的认识；其以天人、古今、有道无道、文质等相对概念分析概括历史的变化；认同礼乐制度的不断完善，视其为人文的核心；重视君主及其道德在历史上的作用；敬鬼神而远之，以考量历史及其过程的途径去体贴天命，透散出历史理性；以文化传承者自任，整理、保存并阐发典籍；总结历史，以为救弊方案，体现出明道经世的史学价值取向。

At the Spring and Autumn Period, history as an academic area was merely in its preliminary stage. Meanwhile, Confucius contributed much to the idea of history and historiography. Confucius’ thought of ethics contains his cognizance of human community. He employed the concepts, such as Heaven and Man, ancient and present, with principles and without principles, to analyze and generalize the changes of history. He recognized the existing ritual and musical systems of his time and viewed those as the core of humanity. He emphasized the roles of the rulers and their morality in history. He respected the deities but interpreted the 'mandate of Heaven' by means of history rather than praying to the deities. Confucius identified himself as a cultural inheritor and master and compiled and preserved classical works. He provided a pattern of historical writing which takes history as a mirror to understand reality.