遗传和环境因素对儿童青少年认知功能和人格的影响分析

An analysis of the effect of the genetic and environment factor on cognitive abilities and personality of children and adolescent

目的探讨遗传和环境因素对儿童青少年认知功能(智力、注意力)及人格的影响。方法采用中国修订版-韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WISC)、韦氏儿童智力量表Ⅳ(WISC-Ⅳ)中的符号搜索和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)评定275对6～16岁双生子的智力、注意力和人格特点。分析遗传和环境因素对智力、注意力和人格的影响。结果6～16岁儿童青少年的智商遗传度为0.24,≥12岁的青少年智商遗传度大于<12岁的儿童(0.82vs0.06),≥12岁的青少年知识和算术分测验的遗传度为0.85和0.76;注意力的遗传度为0.35,<12岁的男性儿童注意功能的遗传度(0.40)大于≥12岁,而女性儿童中则相反(0.04vs0.70);EPQ的神经质和掩饰人格特征的遗传度分别为0.31和0.42,而≥12岁的青少年男性的内外向和精神质人格特质遗传度高达0.94和0.70。结论遗传因素对不同年龄段儿童青少年的智力、注意力和人格的影响不同,≥12岁上的青少年的智商、人格特征的遗传影响大于<12岁的儿童。

Objective To explore the effects of the genetic and environmental factors on intelligence, attention and personality of children and adolescent in a Chinese twin population. Methods The intelligence, attention and personality were investigated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children（ C-WISC）, the symbol search of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale Ⅳ （WISC-Ⅳ）and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire （EPQ） in 275 twin pairs aged 6 - 16. The impacts of the genetical and environmental factors upon IQ, attention and personality were analyzed. Results The heritability of total IQ in 6 - 16 years old children and adolescent was 0. 24, the heritability of ≥ 12 years was higher than those of 〈 12 years（0. 82 vs 0. 06）. The heritability of information and arithmetric in those of 〈 12 years is 0. 85 and 0. 76. Overall there are moderate heritability of attention （0. 35 ）, though in males the heritability was higher in children of 〈 12 years （0.40） than those of ≥ 12 years, while in females it is opposite that the heritability was higher in children of ≥ 12 years （0. 70） than those of 〈 12 years. Heritability of Neuroticism and Lie scales of EPQ were 0. 31 and 0.42 respectively. For males of≥12 years, the heritability of Extraversion and Psychoticism scales were as high as 0. 94 and 0.70 respectively. Conclusions The Genetic factors influence IQ, attention and personality in an age dependent manner. Genetic factors have larger impact on children of ≥12 years than those of 〈 12 years, especially for IQ and personality traits.