中国国民党早期军队政工制度的演变:1924-1928

The development of early political work system of the KMT’s army: 1924-1928

在孙中山的"党治"理念及苏联"党军"体制影响下,中国国民党于1924年改组后积极倡行"党在国上"、"党在军上"的政治制度,在黄埔军校教导团时代,即仿效苏联红军实施以党代表为中心、以政治部为具体实践单位、辅以自上而下建立党部的三位一体的政工制度。1925年7月改编为国民革命军后,这一体制在黄埔军校生为主体的军队内基本保留。因国共间的猜忌,国民革命军政工制度随着"清党"运动而产生重大变异,党代表制废除,政治训练部地位下降,军队党部更是形同虚设。试图控制军队的国民党,却被以蒋介石为首的军人反控,形成了事实上的"以军干政"、"军强党弱"现象,成为此后影响民国政治走向的一大因素。

The political system of the Party above the Country and the Party above the Army was actively initiated to put into effect after the Kuo Ming Tang（Chinese Nationlist Party ） had been reorganized in 1924, under the influence of the concept of the rule of the Party of Sun Yat-sen and the system of the army under the domination of the party of the Soviet Union. The KMT implemented the political system centered on the party representative, taking the political department as the concrete practice unit and assisted with building party headquarters from above, following the example of Soviet Union Army, in the days of the instruction regiment in the Whampoa Military Academy. The system was retained basically in the army composed mainly of students from the Whampoa Military Academy, after the KMT＇s Army was reorganized as the national revolutionary army on July 1925. Because of suspicion and jealousy between the KMT and CCP, significant changes took place in the political work system of the national revolutionary army, along with the purge movement waged. Significant changes mainly contained the party representative system abolished, the position of the political training department declining and party headquarters of the army being nothing but an empty shell. The KMT that attempted to command the army with the Party was conversely controlled by soldiers headed by Chiang Kai-shek, with the result that the phenomenon of interposing politics by the army and the powerful army but the weak Party was formed. The phenomenon just became a major impediment influencing the political trend during the Republic of China.