高产小麦群体的生态生理效应与栽培技术的研究

Ecological and Physiological Effects of Population of High-yield Wheat and Cultivation Techniques

本研究在豫东平原生态条件下,从小麦的群体结构、光合性状和营养特点等方面,研究了高产小麦群体的生态生理效应。结果表明:不同小麦群体其根系分布不同,高产群体根量较大,且根干重在开花期达到最大。高产田小麦叶面积系数最大值为7.0左右,随着密度增加,分蘖第1个盛期的出现推迟,小麦群体的光能利用率与产量呈极显著正相关,亩产500kg 以上麦田经济产量的光能利用率在0.8%以上。随着密度增加,叶片叶绿素含量(a+b)及其a/b值逐渐变小,同一叶位叶片光合强度相应降低。群体生产率随叶面积系数和净同化率的增加而增加,成熟期高产群体地上干物质重在1300kg/亩以上,经济系数在0.45左右。高产小麦在返青一拔节期,灌浆初一蜡熟期吸收氮素较多,开花期是吸磷的高峰期,拔节—开花期是吸收钾素的主要时期,开花后,植株不再吸收钾素,且体内钾素含量减少。高产麦田土壤养分供应处于动的平衡状态。在高产小麦栽培管理中,壮苗是基础,控制群体协调发展是核心,提高后期群体光合生产量是关键。

The trials were made under the ecological conditions of the eastplain of Henan.The roots of different populatin of wheat distribute differen-tly.The dry weight of roots are largest in the flowering phase.The largestvalue of LAI of high-yield plot is about 7.With the increasing density,thefirst flowering phase of the tillers occurs late.The rate of solar energy utiliza-tion of wheat plant population shows most conspicuously positive correlationwith the yield and the chloropyll content of leaves and chlorophyll a/b vel-ue get smaller gradually and the photosynthetic intensity of leaves is thesame position decreases.CGR increases as LAI and NAR increases;in thematuring period of high-yield wheat the total weight of dry matter reaches1300 kg/mu and the economic coefficient is round 0.45.For high yield culti-vation,sound seeding is the foundation,controlling population developmentharmoniously is the core and increasing the photosynthetic matter of popul-ation in later growth period is the key link.