利用人工基质构建固定化微生物膜对池塘养殖水体的原位修复

Research on the Immobilized Biofilm Structure of the Artificial Substrates and in-site Bioremediation of the Pond Aquaculture Water

采用弹性生物填料为人工基质,研究了以土著微生物及外源微生物为菌源构建的池塘固定化微生物菌膜系统及对养殖水体的原位修复。结果表明,当水温为28～32℃时,以土著微生物为菌源,在水体中形成固定微生物膜的时间一般在30d左右,而外源添加以芽孢杆菌和乳酸杆菌为主的微生态制剂成膜时间则在20～30d之间,略有提前。弹性生物填料可将池塘水体中103数量级的细菌提高到菌膜上大于106的数量级,提高了千倍以上。添加外源微生物可比池塘土著微生物提高近10倍的菌体附着量。从弹性生物填料的长度来分析,水面下50cm处主要富集了硝化细菌、氨化细菌等以好氧微生物为主的菌群,菌群数量为105数量级;水面下100cm处主要富集了以反硝化细菌等兼性和厌氧微生物为主的群落,菌群数量同样为105数量级。从弹性生物填料的分布面积来看,15%试验组的水质修复效果略优于10%试验组,但显著性不明显(P>0.05)。从对池塘养殖水体的原位修复效果来看,固定化微生物处理技术可使水体中微生物的数量提高100%以上,对水质TN、TP、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、COD等的去除率达11.27%～90.00%,处理效果明显(P<0.05)。特别是池塘叶绿素含量可下降36.90%～57.25%,对水质富营养化控制的效果良好。研究表明,利用人工基质构建池塘固定化微生物菌膜系统是一种实现池塘养殖水体原位修复的有效方法。

This paper uses elastic biological stuffing as artificial substrates to study bioremediation of the immobilized biofilm structure in pond and in-site remediation of aquaculture water body structured upon the indigenous and exogenous microorganisms as bacterial source. The result demonstrates ： when water temperature is between 28 ℃ and 32 ℃, the immobilized biofilm structure generally form around 30 d in the water body using the indigenous microorganisms as bacteria resource;however, the immobilized biofilm structure generally form around 20 to 30 d [a little bit earlier] in the water body using the exogenous microorganism as bacteria resource with mainly Bacillus sp. and Lactobacillus sp.. Elastic biological stuffing can upgrade the bacteria at 10^3 times order of magnitude in pond water body to 10^6 times order of magnitude in the biofilm structure or upgrade by above 1 000 times. Additional exogenous microorganism can increase nearly times bacteria adhesion content than the indigenous microorganism in pond. Analysis on the length of elastic biological stuffing indicates that there mainly the enrichment of bacteria flora of mainly aerobic microorganisms such as nitrobacteria and amonifying bacteria at the 10^5 times order of magnitude at 50 cm under the water surface;as well as of mainly anaerobic and facultative microorganisms such as denitrifying bacteria at the 10^5 times order of magnitude at 100 cm under the water surface. Seen from distribution area of elastic biological stuffing, the result of water quailty remediation is better in 15% experimental groups than in 10% experiment groups, while the significance is not clear （P〉0.05）. Judged by the result of on-site remediation of aquaculture water body in pond, treatment technology of bioremediation of microorganism can upgrade by 100% the content of microorganism in water body, remove 11.27% to 90.00% of TN,TP,ammonia nitrogen, nitrite,and COD, with marked results （P〈0.05）. In particular, the content of chlorophyll in pond can be decreased by 36.90% to 57.25% and it shows very good result of control of water quality eutrophication. Researches indicate that the utilization of the immobilized biofilm structure system in pond structured using the artificial substrates is an effective method of in-site remediation of pond aquaculture water body.