论国际奥委会的改革

On IOC's Reform

以1998年底盐湖城冬奥会申办丑闻的披露为契机,国际奥委会启动了有史以来最为深刻的一场改革,回顾了这一改革的背景、发展过程、改革措施及改革引发的新问题,对国际奥委会改革的实质进行了探讨。20世纪后期以来,竞技体育迅速进入市场成为极具吸引力的文化产业。当代奥林匹克运动出现了经济市场化、政治民主化、文化多元化和管理企业化等新的发展趋势。于是,旧有的奥运模式与迅速变化的社会环境的矛盾与冲突日趋剧烈,国际奥委会在业余体育时代形成的组织模式难以适应这些发展趋势,表现为其运作机制对市场经济运作的不适应、组织结构对现代企业模式的不适应、组织机制对现代民主制度的不适应、单一文化对多元文化环境的不适应、奥运会框架对国际体育迅速发展的势头不适应。于是,自20世纪后期开始,国际奥委会及其他一些国际体育组织开始了具有实质意义的组织转型,以解决其组织与社会、与体育实践的冲突。国际奥委会这次改革的实质就是其组织转型。

The exposure of the sandal of Salt Lake City bidding for the Winter Olympics in 1998 has resulted in the deepest reform of the IOC in its history. The author reviewed the background of the reform, described its process and measurements, depicted new problems emerged in the reform and then focused on analysis of the essence of the reform. International sport has become an attractive cultural industry since the late 20th century and some new trends have developed in the Olympic Movement as economically it turned to market, politically it tended to democratization, culturally it moved toward multiculturalism and managerially it a- dopted the corporation model. All these new developments were incompatible to the old pattern of the IOC that formed in the amateur sport times, and consequently conflicts occurred between the IOC and its social environment in the fields of economy, politics, culture and management. A substantial organizational transition has already started since the late 20 century in order to solve the contradictions between the IOC and the social context in which it exists thereby to meet current demands of international sport development. The fundamental reason for the IOC ＇ s ongoing reform is its organizational transition.