秦汉统一战争中的典型战略预案评析

An Analysis of the Typical Strategic Plans in the United War of the Qin and Han Dynasties

秦汉时期《客卿对》、《汉中对》、《草庐对》、《平吴疏》、《平陇蜀策》等典型战略预案的指导思想、战争运筹、指挥特征、战术方案诸内容,反映了秦汉统一战争中战略预案制定上所呈示的共性特征:能够立足于长远,放眼于全局,具有前瞻性;能够建立在最复杂的战略背景之上,致力于完成战略上的根本转折;能够充分考虑到军事行动的各种变数,具有很强的实用价值和可操作性;能够随着战争的进程而做适当的充实或调整,从而推动统一大业不断由胜利走向胜利。秦汉统一战争的战略预案往往分为两个层次:一种是全局性的,贯穿于该场统一战争的始终,起着纲领性的指导意义;另一种是局部性的,起作用于统一战争进程中某个特定的时期。前者体现的是全过程性与整体性,而后者体现的则是阶段性与不完整性,两者互为补充,共同作用于当时统一大业的顺利推进。

The guiding principle, war plan, command characteristics, and tactics plan expressed in the typical strategic plans such as Reply Between the Guests, Reply in Hanzhong and so on in the Qin and Han Dynasties embody the following features in the process of making the strategic plan. First, it is predictive since it is made on the long-term basis and takes everything into consideration. Second, it is established on the most complicated strategic background with an eye to achieving the basic strategic change. Third, it is quite practical and operative since it takes every possible change in the military action into consideration. It is properly enriched or adjusted according to the process of the war so that the mission of united war can advance from one victory to another. In general, the strategic plans can be divided into two levels. One is the overall principle which runs through the whole process of war and functions as the guiding principle. The other is the partial principle which functions in a particular period of the war. The former reflects the whole process and unity while the latter periodic and non-unity. They are complementary push the war develop smoothly.