对刘劭《爵制》的评议

Comment on Liu Shao's Nobility System

三国曹魏学者刘劭所著《爵制》,是保存至今最早的研究军功爵制的论著。文中所提出的"商君为政,备其法品为十八级"说和《商君书.境内篇》所说的秦国早期军功爵制的级别基本吻合。刘劭在《爵制》中还提出二十级军功爵制四大等级说,与《张家山汉墓竹简.二年律令》所记军功爵制有四大等级基本一致。《爵制》对二十级军功爵各个爵名的解释,也优于东汉学者卫宏和唐代注释家颜师古。然而刘劭的《爵制》也有缺点,如把军功爵制与夏、周的旧爵制相附会,忽视了军功爵制与五等爵制的本质区别,但不能因此而否定刘劭《爵制》的学本价值。

Nobility System, written by Liu Shao from the Wei Kingdom in the Three Kingdoms, is the well-kept earliest book on the military exploit nobility system. The argument of ＂when Shan Yang is in his power, he divides the rank of nobility into 18＂ is basically identical with the military exploit nobility system in the early Qin State mentioned in History of Shan Yang. Additionally, he advocates 20 military exploit nobility systems and 4 general ranks in this book, which is roughly identical with the records in Second Year law of the Bamboo Slips from the Han Dynasty Tomb Unearthed in Zhangjiashan. Moreover, the explanation of 20 military exploit nobility ranks in this book is better than the scholar of Wei Hong from the Eastern Han Dynasty and Yan Shigu, the expert on annotation in the Tang Dynasty. However, this book is not quite perfect, that is, he manages to relate military exploit nobility system to those of the Xia and Zhou Dynasties and ignores the distinctive difference between military exploit nobility and five ranks of nobility, which surely cannot deny the academic value of this book.