陕北山地红枣集雨微灌技术集成与示范

Integration and demonstration of the date micro-irrigation technology in the hilly of Shanbei

陕北山地红枣集雨微灌技术综合集成了坡地降雨径流调控技术、山地红枣矮化密植栽培技术及修剪技术,在对微灌技术进行创新的基础上,形成了黄土高原山地红枣微灌技术体系,并在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区第一附区——陕西省榆林市米脂县创建了技术体系应用实体样板,该样板地红枣平均产量达到19 800 kg/hm^2,较无灌溉条件（产量4 500-6 000 kg/hm^2）增产2-3倍,较管灌条件（产量一般为12 000-15 000 kg/hm^2）增产30%-60%,且节水36%以上。在单项技术研究方面,利用Penman-Monteith公式确定了红枣生育期理论耗水量（438.8mm）;通过不同灌水量处理的田间试验,初步确定出合理的灌水量区间为396-1 320 m^3/hm^2;提出了坡地低压滴灌工程新的设计理论,即微地形影响下的均匀度计算方法、滴头设计工作压力取值理论及毛管设计新方法;在此基础上,提出了坡上部采用三项配套技术＋低压滴灌、坡下部采用三项配套技术＋涌泉根灌＋雾喷的工程模式。

Faced on the fact of water shortage and soil and water loss in the Loess Plateau,slope-land date trees micro-irrigation technology system was developed by integrating the technology of rainfall runoff control,the technology of slope-land the nanization and close planting date trees,the technology of pluning trees and new micro-irrigation engineering.The demonstration field of the integration technology was built in hilly and ravine area of Loess Plateau（on the Mizhi county of Yulin in Shaanxi province）.The average yield of rate trees was 19 800 kg/hm^2,which is two to three times,compared with no-irrigated rate trees.The yield increased 30% to 60% and saved water more than 36%,compared to the pipe irrigation.The average yield is 4 500～6 000 kg/hm^2 without irrigation and 12 000～15 000 kg/hm^2 with pipe irrigation.The date trees theoretical evaportranspiration was determined by Penman-Monteith formula（438.8 mm）;The suitable micro-irrigation amount of 396～1 320 m^3/hm^2 for general rainfall year was determined according to field experiment;The new design theory was proposed for slope-land low drip irrigation;a suitable enineering model was developed,which is that low drip irrigation and three additional technology was used to the top of slope-land and surge root irrigation,micro-spray irrigation and three additional technology was used to the bottom of slope-land.