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局部麻醉后神经系统并发症风险的当前评估

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摘要 背景局部麻醉(regional anesthesia,RA)能为很多手术提供满意的麻醉和镇痛效果,但麻醉医师和患者必须全面了解其优点和风险,才能对麻醉方式做出合理的选择。以往做过许多关于RA后神经系统并发症的研究,但如今RA的使用范围越来越广、应用频率越来越高、有关的培训和操作技术质量也越来越好,所以这些研究结果已经不能反映现在的情况。近年来,有一些关于最常见RA操作后神经系统并发症方面的研究公开发表,在此我们对其进行简短的综述。方法发表于1995年1月1日到2005年12月31日期间、主要目的为研究RA神经系统并发症的文献共32篇,我们对这些研究进行了综述。结果在研究中枢神经阻滞和研究外周神经阻滞(PNB)神经系统并发症的文献中,阻滞操作的样本量分别为4185至1260000次和20至10309次。蛛网膜下腔麻醉和硬膜外麻醉后神经系统异常的发生率分别为3.78:10000(95%CI:1.06~13.50:10000)和2.19:10000(95%CI:0.88—5.44:10000)。在常见的PNB技术中,肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞、腋路臂丛神经阻滞和股神经阻滞后神经系统异常的发生率分别为2.84:100(95%CI:1.33~5.98:100)、1.48:100(95%CI:0.52~4.11:100)和0.34:100(95%CI:0.04。2.81:100)。蛛网膜下腔麻醉和硬膜外麻醉后永久性神经损伤的发生率分别为0—4、2:10000和0~7.6:10000。在16项PNB研究中仅报道有1例发生了永久性神经损伤。结论我们的研究表明,中枢神经阻滞后神经系统并发症的发生率小于4:10000或0.04%,PNB后神经系统并发症的发生率小于3:100或3%。当代麻醉实践中RA后永久性神经系统并发症是罕见的。 BACKGROUND: Regional anesthesia (RA) provides excellent anesthesia and analgesia for many surgical procedures. Anesthesiologists and patients must understand the risks in addition to the benefits of RA to make an informed choice of anesthetic technique, Many studies that have investigated neurological complications after RA are dated, and do not reflect the increasing indications and applications of RA nor the advances in training and techniques. In this brief narrative review we collate the contemporary investigations of neurological complications after the most common RA techniques. METHODS: We reviewed all 32 studies published between January 1, 1995 and December 3 l, 2005 where the primary intent was to investigate neurological complications of RA RESULTS: The sample size of the studies that investigated neurological complications after central and peripheral (PNB) nerve blockade ranged from 4185 to 1 260 000 and 20 to 10 309 blocks, respectively. The rate of neuropathy after spinal and epidural anesthesia was 3.78 : 10 000 (95% CI: 1.06 - 13.50 : 10 000) and 2.19 : 10 000 (95% Ch 0.88 -5.44 : 10 000), respectively. For common PNB techniques, the rate of neuropathy after interscalene brachial plexus block, axillary brachial plexus block, and femoral nerve block was 2. 84: 100 (95% CI 1.33 -5.98 : 100), 1.48 : 100 (95% CI: 0. 52 -4. 11 : 100), and 0. 34 : 100 (95% C]: 0. 04 -2.81 : 100), respectively. The rate of permanent neurological injury after spinal and epidural anesthesia ranged from 0 -4.2 : 10 000 and 0 - 7.6 : 10 000, respectively. Only one case of permanent neuropathy was reported among 16 studies of neurological complications after PNB. CONCLUSIONS: Our review suggests that the rate of neurological complications after central nerve blockade is 〈 4 : 10 000, or 0.04%. The rate of neuropathy after PNB is 3 : 100, or 3%. However, permanent neurological injury after RA is rare in contemporary anesthetic practice.
出处 《麻醉与镇痛》 2008年第3期32-42,共11页 Anesthesia & Analgesia
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