明代“都”、“保”、“团”含义考析——以福建地区为例

Textual Research on Connotations of Du,Bao,Tuan in the Ming Dynasty:A Case Study of Fujian Province

在明代基层乡治组织中,"都"、"保"、"团"等组织名目各自具有多种不同的实际含义。以福建地区为例,它们既是保甲制度中的一种组织单位,又是乡里组织和里甲组织中的一种重要组织名目,其中"都"、"保"同时还是明中后期鱼鳞图册系统中的一种管理单位,"团"则另具有灶户组织单位和防倭乡兵团练名目之含义。其不同含义所对应的是不同的组织系统,其具体的编制方式、乡治职能和所起的社会作用也都各不相同。

Du, Bao and Tuan contain various connotations respectively among all the grass-root country level organizations in the Ming Dynasty. Take Fujian Province as an example, they are not only one of the organization unit in Baojia system, but also an important organization item in country organizations and Lijia organizations, among which Du and Bao are one of the administrative units in the fish-scale inventory system of the Mid and Late Ming Dynasty, while Tuan gives the implication of an organization trait of Zaohu and Tuanlian served by village soldiers for fighting Japanese pirates. Their different connotations correspond to different organization systems. Their ways of organization, their functions to the country control and to the society also differ from each other.