明海洋管理制度化进程中的朝廷与地方

The Court and Local Authority in the Process of Marine Management Systematization in the Ming Dynasty

月港地方的走私贸易由来已久,但一直没有引起统治者的注意,嘉靖年间严重的倭乱才使其进入明王朝的统治视野之中,中央朝廷开始在这个地方设置军事机构,力图稳住东南海疆。为了加强对地方社会的控制,朝廷一方面采取中原体制的做法——设县直接统治;另一方面,经过反复权衡,被动地、有限度地选择月港开海贸易,由此海澄(月港)开始了合法发展海外贸易的新时代,商税制度亦逐渐建立起来。从海澄设县、隆庆开海乃至商税制度建设,中央与地方的慢慢磨合,官方与民间长期以来所形成的自然默契昭然可见。

The court in the Ming Dynasty seldom paid attention to the smuggling trade in Yuegang（ now called Haideng）, which had exited for years. Yuegang came into the vision of the court because of the trouble made by the Japanese pirates. Military institutions were set up in the place by the court for stabilization of the coastal area. To strengthen the control over the local society, the court established the county local authority, which was typical in the Central Plain social system. And after weighing and balancing, the court passively chose Yuegang as the center of limited marine trade. Then Yuegang started to develop its lawful international trade, and business tax system was established. Through the above activities, the relationship between the court and local authority became harmonious. It is evident that the tacit agreement was gradually made between the authority and local people.