道、咸、同时期清廷属国政策之研究

A Study of Manchu Court's Vassal Policy During the Reign of Daoguang,Xianfeng and Tongzhi

两次鸦片战争期间和其后,当西方各国以武力方式迫使清廷屈服后,近代条约体系就成为处理清廷与西方各国关系的新准则。但至同治十一年前,朝鲜、越南、琉球等国仍以清朝属国身份,维系于它那残存的宗藩体制。不仅如此,为维护自身权威和统治,清廷于此时期内仍对它那残存的宗藩关系进行着必要的维护,但实力的有限性决定了它的属国政策,多属消极被动应变。

During and after the two Opium Wars, when the Western countries used the military force to compel the Manchu court to get down on its knees, the modern treaty system became the new criterion to deal with the relations between China and Western countries. However, until the eleventh year of Emperor Tongzhi＇ reign, some countries, such as Korea, Vietnam and Okinawa, were still vassals in the Qing Suzerain-Vassal System. In order to maintain its rule and authority, the Manchu court tried to keep the Suzerain-Vassal System during that period. But the limited national strength decided that this action was passive.