唐五代时期定窑初探

A Preliminary Study of the Ding Kiln in the Tang-Five Dynasties Period

定窑是唐宋时期的著名瓷窑,以烧造精美的白釉瓷器闻名于世。据定窑遗址出土的典型资料推断,定窑约创烧于9世纪中叶。唐五代是定窑的创烧和发展时期,可以将其分为二期。第一期为9世纪中、晚期,是定窑的创烧时期,烧造的瓷器品种多而复杂。第二期为9世纪末至公元960年,是定窑的发展时期,烧造的瓷器品种以白釉瓷器为主。定窑的制瓷工艺技术受到了邢窑的影响,进入第二期,定窑发展比较快,逐渐取代了邢窑的地位。其原因是多方面的,但大力发展白釉瓷器的生产、努力提高产品质量、批量烧造仿金银器器皿造型的瓷器应是主要原因。定窑瓷器上的"官"字款不应泛指官府,而应是代表订烧该瓷器的官府机构中的某一个单位,很可能是中央官府机构光禄寺下属的太官署的简称。唐五代定窑的发展为北宋定窑的繁荣奠定了良好的基础。

The Ding kiln was a renowned porcelain kiln of the Tang-Song period,famous for its fine white-glaze wares.On the basis of classic materials unearthed at the kiln site,it is estimated that the Ding kiln began firing porcelain in the mid-9th century.The Tang-Five Dynasties period saw the creation and development of the kiln,and this era is divided into two phases:(1)the first phase comprises the mid- and late-9th century when innovative firing occurred at the kiln and the porcelain wares encompassed a wide variety of types;(2)the second phase runs from the end of the 9th century to the year 960,when the kiln underwent further development and the white-glaze porcelain products of the kiln began to dominate output.The techniques used at the Ding kiln were influenced by those at the Xing kiln,and by the second phase of development the Ding kiln began to take over from the Xing kiln.There were many reasons for this,but the energy put into the production of white-glaze wares, the strenuous improvement of output quality and the production of batches of wares made in imitation of gold and silver objects were among the most important factors.The‘Guan’mark that appeared on Ding kiln porcelain should not be interpreted as a general designation for official kilns,but should be narrowly be seen as referring to a particular government unit engaged in firing kiln and this was very possibly an abbreviated term that referred specifically to the Taiguanshu under the Guanglusi.The development of the Ding kiln in the Tang-Five Dynasties period laid excellent foundations for the prosperity and glory of the Ding kiln in the Northern Song dynasty.