美国联邦最高法院在教育纠偏行动中的宪法价值选择空间——以Gratz案和Grutter案为例

The Range of Constitutional Values Set by the U.S.Supreme Court in the Educational Affirmative Actions:Gratz vs.Bollinger and Grutter vs.Bollinger as Analytical Cases

在以实现生源多样化为目标的教育纠偏行动中,种族因素只能作为决定是否录取的众多因素中的一个附加因素,并且必须对申请人进行个别化的考虑,否则就会沦为种族归类与反向歧视;在格拉特案中,多数法官选择的是实质性的社会公平正义;而在格拉茨案中,多数法官选择的是程序正义与形式正义。程序正义与形式正义高于、优先于一切形式的实质性的社会公平正义,程序正义是美国宪法文本的灵魂。捍卫宪法文本的程序正义与形式正义,是法官进行宪法价值选择与追求和实现实质正义的前提和基础。

In the educational affirmative actions towards diversity of students,race or ethnic background may be deemed as a 'plus' in a particular applicant's file and must be considered individually.If not so,the admission policy of universities will be suspected as ethnic category and reversal discrimination.In Gratz vs.Bollinger,what the majority of the court chose was positive social equality in contrast with their choices for procedural and formal justice in Grutter vs.Bollinger.The procedural and formal justice,as the spirit of U.S.Constitution,is higher than,and superior to,all other positive social values in any forms.Protection to them is the precondition and basis for those Justices to choose and pursue their positive justice.