枣不同品种开花结实及花粉发芽特性研究

Studies of Blooming Biology and Pollen Sprouting Characteristics of Different Chinese Jujube Cultivars

对枣22个品种开花类型,12个品种的花粉发芽率,5个品种的花粉萌发动态,9个品种的花粉贮藏和10个品种自花结实率进行了研究。结果表明,脆枣、辣椒枣、葫芦枣、福枣、扁核酸、骏枣、赞皇大枣、红颜、无等、稷山圆枣、晋枣、绵枣、尖枣、临猗梨枣、长红、酥枣是昼开型;湖南鸡蛋枣、冬枣、束鹿糖枣、月出、尖头灰、屯屯枣是夜开型。其中脆枣、辣椒枣、葫芦枣、福枣、骏枣、赞皇大枣、红颜、无等、稷山圆枣、晋枣、绵枣、尖枣、酥枣、湖南鸡蛋枣、束鹿糖枣、月出、尖头灰、屯屯枣皆为首次报道。供试枣品种间花粉发芽率有很大差异,为1.52%～74.95%,平均发芽率为34.28%,变异系数为14.74%,其中冬枣最低,辣椒枣最高;花粉在散射光下培养与黑暗条件下培养对花粉发芽率没有显著差异。花粉-12℃干燥器贮藏极显著地好于2℃干燥器贮藏和室温干燥器贮藏;-12℃干燥器贮藏条件下,贮藏6d、10d的花粉发芽率分别是新鲜花粉的88.04%、59.88%。花粉发芽动态试验表明,花粉发芽率和花粉管生长曲线呈单S型,培养5.5h花粉发芽率不再变化,7.5h花粉管停止生长。供试枣品种的自花结实坐果率几乎为零。

The blooming type of 22 Chinese jujube cultivars,pollen germination percentage of 12 Chinese jujube cultivars,pollen germinating developments of 5 Chinese jujube cultivars,pollen storage of 9 Chinese jujube cultivars and self-fertility percentage of 10 Chinese jujube cultivars were studied.The results were shown as follows：Cuizao,Lajiaozao,Huluzao,Fuzao,Bianhesuan,Junzao,Zanhuangdazao,Hongyan,Wudeng,Jishanyuanzao,Jinzao,Mianzao,Jianzao,Linyilizao,Changhong and Suzao were day blooming type,and Hunanjidanzao,Dongzao,Shulutangzao,Yuechu,Jiantouhui and Tuntunzao were night blooming type.There were great disparity in the pollen germination percentage of 12 jujube cultivars,which were from 1.52% to 74.95%,and the average of which was 34.28%,and the variant coefficient of which was 14.74%.Dongzao was the lowest,however Lajiaozao was the highest.The method of-12℃ dry storage in which the pollen germination percentage was 88.04% of fresh pollen in 6th day and 59.88% of fresh pollen in 10th day was better than that of 2℃ or room temperature.The curves of pollen germination and growth of pollen tube in Chinese jujube were single ＂S＂ type.After having been cultivated for 5.5 hours,the pollen germination percentage was not changed,and after 7.5 hours the pollen tube did not grow.It was also found that the percentage of the self-fertility was near the zero in this test.