一岁半到二岁半婴儿交涉行为与交换性行为的形成──中日婴幼儿“所有”行为的结构及其发展研究之一

NEGOTIATING AND EXCHANGING BEHAVIORS IN ERALY CHILDHOOD-A STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF POSSESSIONAL BEHAVIORS IN CHINESE AND JAPANESES CHILDREN (Ⅰ)

本研究分别在中国和日本对一岁半到二岁半的婴儿进行自然观察，分析了婴儿之间围绕着某些资源而发生的交涉行为和交换性行为的发生过程及其发展上特点。主要结果有①中日婴儿到2岁左右时开始出现交涉行为和交换性行为，但在该年龄阶段并不占有主导地位。②该年龄阶段婴儿的交换性行为还不能说是完整意义上的交换，属于“前交换行为”。③对于获得对方的东西来说，该年龄阶段婴儿的交涉行为和交换性行为并不是很有效的方式。④我们进行观察的中国幼儿园托儿班的婴儿其交涉行为和交换性行为的出现早于日本保育园的婴儿，但从交涉行为出现的比例来看，日本婴儿采用交涉行为的倾向比中国婴儿更明显。

This research studied two groups of children aged from 1. 6 to 2. 6 years in Chinese and Japanese nursery schools with the natural observation method. The data were analysed to find out the process and character of children's interactions concerning some resources. Our findings were: 1) When they tried to gain other's possession, both the Chinese and the Japanese children begin to exhibit the negotiation behavior and a kind of 'exchanging' behavior at around 2 years of age. 2) But the 'exchanging' behavior was not the exchanging behavior in the real sense, but belonged to the pre-exchanging behavior. 3)At this age, their negotiating behavior and pre-exchanging behavior were not effective strategies to gain other's possession. 4) Although the negotiation behavior and pre-exchanging behavior of the Chinese children appeared ealier than those of the Japanese, the Japanese children tended to use the negotiating behavior more often than the Chinese.