专家和新手问题解决认知活动特征的研究

A STUDY OF THE COGNITIVE FEATURE BETWEEN EXPERTS AND NOVICES IN SOLVING PROBLEMS

采用口语报告技术对专家和新手解决同类问题的认知活动差异进行分析和评价。结果表明，专家和新手在解决问题时具有不同的编码程序。专家贮存信息以组块化方式进行，并能熟练地运用手段－目的分析策略，利用课题中的信息向前解，能正确表征产生式，最大特点是具有概括性和抽象性。新手贮存信息的形式和数量与专家存在着差异，在解决问题时较多进行盲目搜索，一般根据课题中的问题往回解，其内部表征较零乱，具体细节多。

The protocal analysis was used to evaluates the coghtive feature differences between the experts and the novices in solving the same problems. The experimental results from 12 students indicated that the experts and the novices had different coded programs; the experts stored up information through chunking, applied means -end analysis strategy, used information forward chaining and represented exactly the production rules; the novices stored the information differently in form and quantity from the experts. When solving problems, thenovices used blind search process and backward strategy. Their internal representation was scrappy and the speed of solving problems was slow.