特大地震灾害后平武南坝镇应急卫生快速评估分析

Rapid Hygienic Evaluation after Earthquake Disaster

目的了解特大地震后重灾区主要公共卫生问题和需求,确定救灾防疫工作重点和干预策略。方法采用访谈法和调查法,了解当地概况、历史疫情、卫生资源、震灾影响、群众安置、人畜尸体处理、饮用水卫生、饮食卫生、环境卫生、疾病监测体系、灾民与救援部队人员健康状况、卫生处置以及外部需求等,对灾区现场进行全面快速卫生学评估。结果评估结果表明,特大地震灾害后,平武县南坝镇生态环境被破坏;卫生资源受重创且运行困难;环境卫生条件恶化;蝇密度高;生活饮用水、食品卫生存在较大隐患;疾病监测体系亟待建立;急需外部专业防疫力量的援助。结论特大地震灾区初始阶段,生活饮用水、食品卫生与环境消杀以及完善的症状监测体系是确保大灾之后无大疫的关键环节。

Objective To understand the most important public health situation and demand on the first stage after earthquake disaster in the Earthquake-stricken area. Method Face-to-Face interview and field investigation methods were used to collect information for the local situation, history of communicable diseases, public health resource, settlement of the victims, water hygiene, food hygiene, environment sanitation, disease surveillance, disinfection, handling of the dead bodies, and demands. Result After earthquake, in the earthquake-stricken area, the ecological environment and health system were distorted, environment sanitation was deteriorated, drinking water systems disrupted completely, lots of refugees camped in open areas and had no adequate toilet facilities, sentinel disease surveillance system is not established, food safety are scare and there are many unsafe factors in the process of preparing food. There is also no professional staff to provide the public health service. Conclusion In the emergency phase after earthquake, the most important public health intervention measures are to strengthen the monitoring and control of vectors, find clean water sources and disinfect drinking water, build symptoms surveillance system, and monitor food hygiene.