低温微生物的冷适应机理及其应用

Mechanism and applications of the cold-adapted microbes

低温微生物广泛分布于极地、冰川、永久冻土和深海等寒冷环境,其冷适应能力是多种机理共同作用的结果,包括酶的低温催化活性、低温下膜流动性的保持、冷休克蛋白、抗冻蛋白以及抗冻保护剂等。低温微生物主要应用于催化低温发酵、表达热不稳定蛋白质、生产抗冻保护剂和冬季治理污水等领域。

Psychrophilic microorganisms have successfully colonized all permanently cold environments from the deep sea to mountain and polar region. The evolved features, genotypic and/or phenotypic of the organisms make them surmount the negative effects of low temperatures and enable growth in these extreme environments. The mechanism of cold adaptation might cover fields of cold-adapted enzyme, maintenance of membrane fluidity, role of cold shock protein, cryoprotectant and antifreeze protein. The cold-adapted microbes and its products were utilized in a broad range of industrial, agricultural and medical processes based on the achievement of mechanism research.