科学精英社会化中的优势累积

The advantages accumulation in the process of scientific elite's socialization

科学精英社会化的过程也就是其积累优势的过程。在科学精英成长的过程中,优势累积通过相加的方式和相乘的方式发挥作用。在优势相乘累积的方式下,科学精英将科学资源看作信用能力,并以此为手段获得更多的回报,从而将自身放置于成就与报偿交互递长的良性循环之中。科学精英社会化过程中的优势累积包括了"马太效应"在内的一系列效应,如"光环效应"、"棘轮效应"、"回溯效应"、"时间效应"等。尽管如此,优势累积效应对科学精英的助益也不是无所限制的,科学共同体的普遍主义原则和一系列社会心理过程会限制优势累积效应。

Scientific elite＇ s socialization process is also the process of advantages accumulation. There are two ways for accumulating advantages, including the additive way and the multiplication way. By the means of additive advantages accumulation, scientific elite views scientific resources as the credit ability which is used to get more returns. In the process of scientific elite＇ s socialization, the advantages accumulation includes ＂Matthew effect＂, ＂halo effect＂ , ＂ratchet effect＂ , ＂recovery Effect＂, ＂time effect＂ and so on. Nevertheless, the effect of advantages accumulation on scientific elite is not without restriction, and the science＇ s universal principles and a series of social and psychological mechanism would limit the effect.