从英汉对比的角度看现代汉语语序的特点

Characteristics of Chinese Word Order from the Perspective of Chinese-English Contrastive Studies

英语和汉语都属SVO语言,但由于分属不同的语系,所以在语序上仍有各自的特点。汉语最显著的两个语序特点是:状语全部前置于动词;具有包括英语在内的其他语言所没有的后置"程度补语"。该文从认知语用角度探讨其原因,认为这两个特点都可用"可别度"这一认知概念进行统一解释。"可别度"是人类认知的共性,在英汉语言中都有体现,只不过体现的程度有别。汉语语序的基本特点是从话题性强的成分到焦点性强的成分的信息流动,所以表示背景性的状语,一般前置;而在英语中后置于动词的方式状语,如果是新信息,即焦点,在汉语中也表现为后置的程度补语。

Though English and Chinese both fall into SVO languages, they are of different language families with different characteristics of word order. Of the most prominent of Chinese word order are： 1） all the adverbials are pre - positioned before verbs and 2） complement of degree is put behind, which is unique to Chinese. This paper attempts to explain them from the perspective of cognition and pragmaties, the cognitive concept of identification, which is embodied in both English and Chinese with the difference of salience. The Chinese word order obeys the rule of flow from strong topicality to strong focus.