上海市长宁区177名住养老机构老年人膳食营养现况

A Cross-sectional Study on Nutritional Status of 177 Institutionalized Elderly Individuals

[目的]了解住养老机构老年人营养摄入现况,为养老机构老年人的合理膳食提供依据。[方法]采用分层抽样的方法,将3天食物称重法和记帐法二法相结合对上海市长宁区4所养老院177名60岁以上自理老人进行膳食调查。[结果]研究对象各类食物平均摄入量偏低,大多数营养素摄入量不足,各种营养素以中国营养学会平均需要量(EAR)按"切点法"进行评价,养老院老人能量、蛋白质、维生素B_1、维生素B_2、维生素C、叶酸、碘、锌和硒摄入不足的比例分别为43%、11%、94%、89%、68%、100%、100%、79%、55%;各营养素摄入量基本没有超过可耐受最高摄入量(ULs),但80%的个体由脂肪提供能量超过适宜摄入量(AI)上限值。蛋白质和脂肪的食物来源尚可,但钙和铁的食物来源较差;饱和脂肪酸摄入过多,而单不饱和脂肪酸摄入不足;碳水化合物和蛋白质供能比稍不足,而脂肪供能比过多;早餐能量分配比偏低。[结论]本次调查的养老院老年人膳食营养素不足,尤要补充维生素类、硒、锌、碘等,同时应减少饱和脂肪酸和胆固醇摄入,增加早餐摄入量。

[ Objective ] To investigate the current status of nutrient intakes of the elderly living in institutions for instructing a rational diet scientifically, so as to improve their nutritional status. [ Methods ] 177 senior citizens over the age of 60 were investigated in four institutions for the elderly in the Changning district, Shanghai, who were selected with a stratified sampling method. A detailed 3-day dietary survey was conducted by a weighed- food recording on each subject and food accounts on the institution as a whole for the cooking oil and the salts. The data were analyzed using SPSS15.0 statistics software. [ Results ] The average intakes of various foods were rather low. The percentages of individuals whose intakes were indicated inadequate were 43% for energy, 11% for protein, 94% for vitamin B1, 89% for vitamin B2, 68% for vitamin C, 100% for folic acid, 100% for iodine, 79% for zinc and 55% for selenium, respectively. The intakes of all nutrients of subjects barely exceeded the ULs, nevertheless there were 80% of individuals with the proportion of intakes of energy from fat exceeded the upper limit of the AI range, 48% and 96% of individuals with intakes of cholesterol and sodium exceeded the AIs, respectively. The constituent ratios of food sources of protein were 39.7% from animals, 13.7% from legumes and 46.6% from other vegetables. Those of fat were 42.8% from animals and 57.2% from vegetables. Those of calcium were 11.4% from animals, 88.6% from vegetables and 0.0% from milk and milk products. Those of iron were 12.2% from meats and 87.8% from non-meats. The fractions of energy from fat having one certain sort of fatty acids were 19.6% from saturated fat, 4.6% from monounsaturated fat and 8.7% from polyunsaturated fat. The sections of energy from energy-yielding macronutrients were 53% from carbohydrates, 34% from fat and 13% from protein. The proportions of energy from breakfast, lunch and supper were 24.5%, 41.2% and 34.3%, respectively. [ Conclusion ] These findings indicate that the major nutrition problems of subjects in question are inadequacy of dietary nutrition, meanwhile consumption of food rich in sodium and meat and food products abundant in saturated fat and cholesterol is to the contrary.