清代康乾时期山东潍县的重商观念与科举功名

The Mercantile Notion and the Imperial Examination and Fame in the Kangxi-Qianlong Period of Qing Dynasty

民国前期,山东潍县走上了早期工业化道路,而周边县份却仍深陷于传统经济之中。这种经济分流发轫于清朝中叶,当时潍县商业已比较发达,为其近代早期工业化创造了条件。潍县商业发达的原因除交通优越、人口增长对资源的压力、追求利润等经济因素外,还有更深层面的社会原因。科举的失意和因捐纳造成的商人社会地位的上升,使潍县社会阶层构成与邻县有着很大不同,潍县社会观念因之由"重农"转为"重商",并影响着人们的行为选择。

In the early stage of the Republic of China, Wei-county was on the way of the industrialization road, while the others around were still in the period of traditional economy. This economic diversity dated from the middle period of Qing Dynasty, when Wei-county had already been a more developed commerce area, which paved a way for its early modern industrialization. The reasons why the commerce of Wei-county was more developed lied in not only the economic factors such as its traffic advantage, the population pressure and the pursuit of profit, but also the social factors. The rising of merchants＇ social class due to the chill of the imperial examinations and the render of tax made Wei-county have a different social stratum from those towns around, which made the society concept shift from physiocracy to mercantile and finally affected people＇s action.