中国小农制的变态与发展现代农业的背离

Small-scale Farming Economy in China: Abnormality and Deviation from Modern Agriculture

我国自进入清代中叶以后人地比率逐渐下降至"率计一岁一人之食,约得四亩"的维生型小农经济临界点,标志着传统小农制的破产和趋于衰亡。新中国成立后的大半个世纪,由于长期实行农村集体土地所有制一直隐含着"集体成员权平等"和"土地产权虚置"的制度性缺陷,结果使明清以后出现的"地权分散化"和"耕地细碎化"趋势更加凸现,最终导致几亿农民在高强度劳动投入和过密型种植模式下出现了土地报酬递减和边际收益下降的现象。因此,我国下一步如何实现小农制与现代农业的有效衔接已成为理论界和政府部门亟待深入研究的一个重大实践课题。

In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the subsistence small-scale farming economy in China reached its critical point, and the yield of about four mu could meet the ration of one person. In more than a half century since the foundation of new China, because of the systematic defect of the ＂equality of collective members in their right for tilled land＂ and the ＂absent right of land property＂ of collective land ownership that has been adopted in rural areas, the tendency of ＂separate land right＂ and ＂scattered tilled land＂ are more apparent. As a result, despite throwing high strength labor force and densely planting crops, several hundred million farmers can get less return and decreased income from the land. Therefore, how to effectively join the small-scale farming economy with modern agriculture has become an issue of great importance for the theoretical field and relevant government sections.