1Hassoun HT, Kone BC, Mercer DW, et al. Post-injury multiple organ failure:the role of gut[J]. Shock,2001,15: 1 -10.
2Lewis SJ, Egger M, Sylvester PA, et al. Early enteral feeding versus "nil by mouth" after gastrointestinal surgery: systemic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials [J]. BMJ,2001,323: 1.
3Kondrup J ,Johansen N, Plum LM, et al. Incidence of nutritional risk and causes of inadequate nutritional care in hospitals [ J ]. Clinical Nutrition,2002,21 : 461 -468.
4Brooks AD, Hochwald SN, eslin MJ, et al. Intestinal permeability after early postoperative enteral nutrition in patients with upper gastrointestinal malignancy [ J ]. J PEN, 1999,23: 75 - 82.
5Braga M, Gianotti L, Gentilini O, t al. Feeding the gut early after digestive surgery:results of a nine-year experience [ J ] . Clinical Nutrition ,2002,21 : 59 - 65.
6Gianotti L,Braga M, Gentilini O, et al. Artificial nutrition after pancreaticoduodenectomy [ J ]. Pancreas,2000,21 : 344 - 451.
7Detry R,Ciccarelli O,Komlan A,et al. Early feeding after colorectal surgery:Preliminary result s [J]. Acta Clair Belg,1999,99:292-294.
1van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA,van Leeuwen PA,Sauerwein HP,et al.Assessment of malnutrition parameters in head and neck cancer and their relation to postoperative complications[J].Head Neck,1997,19(5):419-425.
2Durkin MT,Mercer KG,McNulty MF,et al.Vascular surgical society of great Britain and Ireland:contribution of malnutrition to postoperative morbidity in vascular surgical patients.Br J Surg,1999,86(5):702.
3Pikul J,Sharpe MD,Lowndes R,et al.Degree of preoperative malnutrition is predictive of postoperative morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients.Transplantation,1994,57(3):469-472.
4Waizberg DL,Plopper C,Terra RM,et al.Postoperative total parenteral nutrition in surgical patients.World J Surg,1999,23(6):560-564.
5Brady M,Kinn S,Stuart P.Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative complications.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2003,(4):CD004423.
6Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration:application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures:a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologist Task Force on Preoperative Fasting.Anesthesiology,1999,90(3):896-905.
8Bozzetti F,Braga M,Gianotti L,et al.Postoperative enteral versus parenteral nutrition in malnourished patients with gastrointestinal cancer:a randomized multicentre trial.Lancet,2001,358(9292):1487-1492.
9Daly JM,Bonau R,Stofberg P,et al.Immediate postoperative jejunostomy feeding.Clinical and metabolic results in a prospective trial.Am J Surg,1987,153(2):198-206.
10Kemen M,Senkal M,Homann HH,et al.Early postoperative enteral nutrition with arginine-omega-3 fatty acids and ribonucleic acid-supplemented diet versus placebo in cancer patients:an immunologic evaluation of Impact.Crit Care Med,1995,23(4):652-659.
9Wilson JT, Slieker FJ, Legrand V, et al. Observer variation in the assessment of outcome in traumatic brain injury: ex- perience from a multicenter, international randomized clini- cal trial[ J]. Neurosurgery,2007,61 ( 1 ) :123 - 129.
10Cottrell DB, Asturi E. Gastric intubation:assessment and in- tervention[J]. Crit Nurs Clin North Am, 2004,16 ( 4 ) : 489 - 493.