中英日被动句对比研究

Comparative Study of the Passive Sentences of Chinese,English and Japanese

语言中决定谓语动词和主语之间的关系的语法形式称为语态。而其中作为表示句子主语和谓语动词之间被动关系的语态就是被动语态。汉语、英语和日语三种语言的被动态在结构特征、形成动因及语用功能等方面都各具特色,笔者通过对三者在这些方面的对比分析,得出三者都可以表示中性、积极和消极的意义,但是主次不同,英语被动语态倾向于表中性意义,汉语被动语态表示消极意义居多,而日语被动语态则主要是发展以说话人的主观感受为语义动因的被动句,所以也是表达消极意义居多。

The grammatical form which decides the relations between the predicate verb and the subject is known as the voice. The voice to express the passive relation between the subject and the predicate is known as passive voice. The pasive voice of Chinese, English and Japanese language has its own characteristics in the structure features,formative causes and pragmatic functions. The author analyzes comparatively the three languages, and concludes that the passive voice in the three languages may be neutral, positive and negative. But they are different： English passive voice tends to form neutral sense, Chinese passive voice tends to form most negative sense, and the Japanese passive voice was mainly the development of the speaker＇s subjective feelings for the semantic cause. The passive sentence is mostly to express the negative sense.