张岱年论先秦儒家的人学思想

On the Confucian Humanities of Pre-Qin Dynasty by Zhang Dainian

先秦儒家的人学思想主要体现为孔子、孟子与荀子的人学思想,具体而言:人的本质:孔子提出"仁";孟子提出性善论;荀子提出性恶论。人的价值:孔子认为,人的价值在于对社会有贡献;孟子认为,人的价值在于"天爵"、"良贵";荀子认为,人的价值在于人有"义"。人与自然:孔子虽然没有明确表达"天人合一",但《论语》中相关话语却蕴涵着人与自然和谐的思想;孟子讲"知性"则"知天",体现了人道与天道的统一;荀子提出"天人分异"的思想。人与社会:孔子强调了人对社会的责任;孟子反对杨朱的"为我"思想,折射出孟子注重群体价值倾向;荀子提出"明分使群"的观点。人格与精神境界:儒家的最高理想人格是圣人,孔子认为,能够"博施于民而济众"的人就是圣人;孟子提出"人人皆可以为尧舜",但只有做到"尽心、知性、践形",才能成为圣人。先秦儒家人学思想既有合理性的因素,也有显著的历史局限性。其合理性因素可以为构建社会主义和谐社会提供可资利用的思想资源。

Pre-Qin Confucian Humanities include mainly doctrines by Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Spe- cifically, Confucius preached the ＂benevolence＂, Mencius Xingshan theory （good nature） , and Xunzi Xing theory （evil nature）. On the human value, Confucius saw it depending on the contribution to the society; Men- cius regarded it as ＂Tianjue＂ and ＂pursuing dignity＂ and Xunzi believed that it is to follow ＂justice＂. On the relationship between Man and Nature, Confucius did not give the clear expression of ＂unity of man and nature＂, but ＂the Analects of Confucius＂. His masterpiece contained the denotation of human co-existence with nature. Mencius stressed the union of heavenliness and worldliness, and Xunzi spoke of ＂differentiation from manliness and heavenliness＂. On the relationship between man and society, Confucius stressed .on human beings＇responsi- bility toward society. Mencius dismissed Yang Zhu~ ＂selflessness＂, reflecting his priority to group orientation, and Xunzi proposed the distinct between individualism and collectivism. Confucius identified idealization of per- sonality, a sage, which did good to the mass society. Mencius took all as a sage only by ＂faithfulness, insight and praxis＂. Pre-Qin humanities contained both rational and limited contents, with the rational to be made full use of to serve as a valuable intellectual resource to establish the harmonious society of socialism.